Practice Free 312-38 Exam Online Questions
Question #21
Rosa is working as a network defender at Linda Systems. Recently, the company migrated from Windows to MacOS.
Rosa wants to view the security related logs of her system, where con she find these logs?
- A . /private/var/log
- B . /var/log/cups/access-log
- C . /Library/Logs/Sync
- D . /Library/Logs
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
In MacOS, security-related logs are typically stored in the /private/var/log directory. This location is used to store various system logs, including authentication attempts and other security events. The secure.log file within this directory is particularly relevant for tracking security incidents, as it records authentication attempts and other security-related events. It’s important for network defenders like Rosa to be familiar with these log locations to monitor and respond to potential security issues on the systems they manage12.
Reference: The information provided here is consistent with standard MacOS logging practices and
the EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum, which includes understanding the security mechanisms of different operating systems and how to locate and interpret system logs12. For more detailed information, please refer to the official CND study materials and documents provided by the EC-Council.
A
Explanation:
In MacOS, security-related logs are typically stored in the /private/var/log directory. This location is used to store various system logs, including authentication attempts and other security events. The secure.log file within this directory is particularly relevant for tracking security incidents, as it records authentication attempts and other security-related events. It’s important for network defenders like Rosa to be familiar with these log locations to monitor and respond to potential security issues on the systems they manage12.
Reference: The information provided here is consistent with standard MacOS logging practices and
the EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum, which includes understanding the security mechanisms of different operating systems and how to locate and interpret system logs12. For more detailed information, please refer to the official CND study materials and documents provided by the EC-Council.
Question #22
Which of the following connects the SDN application layer and SDN controller and allows communication between the network services and business applications?
- A . Eastbound API
- B . Westbound API
- C . Northbound API
- D . Southbound API
Correct Answer: D.
D.
Explanation:
In the context of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), the Northbound API is the interface that connects the SDN application layer to the SDN controller. It facilitates communication between the network services and business applications. The Northbound API allows applications to communicate their network requirements to the controller, which then translates these requirements into the network configurations necessary to provide the requested services.
Reference: This information is consistent with the SDN architecture overview provided by the Open Networking Foundation1 and further explained in resources like GeeksforGeeks2 and SDxCentral3, which describe the role of Northbound APIs in SDN environments. These APIs are crucial for enabling the application layer to interact with the control layer, allowing for a dynamic, programmable networking infrastructure.
D.
Explanation:
In the context of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), the Northbound API is the interface that connects the SDN application layer to the SDN controller. It facilitates communication between the network services and business applications. The Northbound API allows applications to communicate their network requirements to the controller, which then translates these requirements into the network configurations necessary to provide the requested services.
Reference: This information is consistent with the SDN architecture overview provided by the Open Networking Foundation1 and further explained in resources like GeeksforGeeks2 and SDxCentral3, which describe the role of Northbound APIs in SDN environments. These APIs are crucial for enabling the application layer to interact with the control layer, allowing for a dynamic, programmable networking infrastructure.
Question #23
Henry needs to design a backup strategy for the organization with no service level downtime.
Which backup method will he select?
- A . Normal backup
- B . Warm backup
- C . Hot backup
- D . Cold backup
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
A hot backup, also known as an online backup or dynamic backup, is the process of backing up data while the system continues to be in operation. This means that there is no need for system downtime or interruption in services while the backup is taking place. It is mostly used in systems where operations are critical and cannot afford any downtime, such as databases and servers that must be available 24/7. The hot backup method allows for data to be backed up at regular intervals with minimal impact on the system’s performance, ensuring that the organization can maintain continuous service levels.
Reference: The concept of hot backup is aligned with the ECCouncil’s Network Defender (CND) objectives and is supported by industry best practices as detailed in sources like MiniTool1 and NinjaOne2, which discuss the advantages of hot backups in maintaining uninterrupted service and business continuity.
C
Explanation:
A hot backup, also known as an online backup or dynamic backup, is the process of backing up data while the system continues to be in operation. This means that there is no need for system downtime or interruption in services while the backup is taking place. It is mostly used in systems where operations are critical and cannot afford any downtime, such as databases and servers that must be available 24/7. The hot backup method allows for data to be backed up at regular intervals with minimal impact on the system’s performance, ensuring that the organization can maintain continuous service levels.
Reference: The concept of hot backup is aligned with the ECCouncil’s Network Defender (CND) objectives and is supported by industry best practices as detailed in sources like MiniTool1 and NinjaOne2, which discuss the advantages of hot backups in maintaining uninterrupted service and business continuity.
Question #24
Which of the following best describes the Log Normalization process?
- A . It is a process of accepting logs from homogenous sources with the same formats and converting them into a different format
- B . It is a process of accepting logs from homogenous sources with different formats and converting them into a common format
- C . It is a process of accepting logs from heterogeneous sources with different formats and converting them into a common format
- D . It is a process of accepting logs from heterogeneous sources with the same formats and converting them into a different format
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Log normalization is a critical process in network security, particularly within the context of Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems. The primary goal of log normalization is to standardize the format of log data received from various sources, which often have different formats and structures. This standardization allows for more efficient and effective analysis, correlation, and storage of log data. By converting disparate log data into a common format, SIEM systems can more easily identify patterns, detect anomalies, and trigger alerts for potential security incidents. This process is essential for managing the complexity and volume of log data in modern network environments.
Reference: The explanation provided is based on the general practices and objectives of network security and SIEM systems as outlined in the Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum. For the most accurate and detailed information, please refer to the latest CND study materials and documents available through the EC-Council’s official resources.
C
Explanation:
Log normalization is a critical process in network security, particularly within the context of Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems. The primary goal of log normalization is to standardize the format of log data received from various sources, which often have different formats and structures. This standardization allows for more efficient and effective analysis, correlation, and storage of log data. By converting disparate log data into a common format, SIEM systems can more easily identify patterns, detect anomalies, and trigger alerts for potential security incidents. This process is essential for managing the complexity and volume of log data in modern network environments.
Reference: The explanation provided is based on the general practices and objectives of network security and SIEM systems as outlined in the Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum. For the most accurate and detailed information, please refer to the latest CND study materials and documents available through the EC-Council’s official resources.
Question #25
Which OSI layer does a Network Interface Card (NIC) work on?
- A . Physical layer
- B . Presentation layer
- C . Network layer
- D . Session layer
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
The Network Interface Card (NIC) operates primarily on the Physical layer of the OSI model. This layer is responsible for the actual transmission and reception of data over a network medium. The NIC provides the physical connection between the computer and the network, converting digital data into electrical, radio, or optical signals for outbound data, and vice versa for inbound data12.
Additionally, the NIC also has functionalities that extend to the Data Link layer, which is responsible for node-to-node data transfer and handling the physical addressing of packets through MAC addresses3.
Reference: Information based on the Certified Network Defender (CND) course material and study guide. Additional details from EC-Council’s official Certified Network Defender (CND) resources and other authoritative sources on network interface cards and the OSI model132.
A
Explanation:
The Network Interface Card (NIC) operates primarily on the Physical layer of the OSI model. This layer is responsible for the actual transmission and reception of data over a network medium. The NIC provides the physical connection between the computer and the network, converting digital data into electrical, radio, or optical signals for outbound data, and vice versa for inbound data12.
Additionally, the NIC also has functionalities that extend to the Data Link layer, which is responsible for node-to-node data transfer and handling the physical addressing of packets through MAC addresses3.
Reference: Information based on the Certified Network Defender (CND) course material and study guide. Additional details from EC-Council’s official Certified Network Defender (CND) resources and other authoritative sources on network interface cards and the OSI model132.
Question #26
Which among the following is used to limit the number of cmdlets or administrative privileges of administrator, user, or service accounts?
- A . Just Enough Administration (EA)
- B . User Account Control (UAC)
- C . Windows Security Identifier (SID)
- D . Credential Guard
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
Just Enough Administration (JEA) is a security technology that enables delegated administration for anything managed by PowerShell. JEA helps in reducing the number of administrators on your machines by using virtual accounts or group-managed service accounts to perform privileged actions on behalf of regular users. It limits what users can do by specifying which cmdlets, functions, and external commands they can run. This ensures that users have just enough access to perform their jobs without having unnecessary administrative privileges, which aligns with the principle of least privilege123.
Reference: The information about JEA and its role in limiting cmdlets and administrative privileges is detailed in the Microsoft documentation and training modules on Just Enough Administration (JEA), as well as in the PowerShell-Docs on GitHub123. These sources provide comprehensive guidance on how JEA is used to control administrative privileges and are aligned with the objectives and documents of the EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) program.
A
Explanation:
Just Enough Administration (JEA) is a security technology that enables delegated administration for anything managed by PowerShell. JEA helps in reducing the number of administrators on your machines by using virtual accounts or group-managed service accounts to perform privileged actions on behalf of regular users. It limits what users can do by specifying which cmdlets, functions, and external commands they can run. This ensures that users have just enough access to perform their jobs without having unnecessary administrative privileges, which aligns with the principle of least privilege123.
Reference: The information about JEA and its role in limiting cmdlets and administrative privileges is detailed in the Microsoft documentation and training modules on Just Enough Administration (JEA), as well as in the PowerShell-Docs on GitHub123. These sources provide comprehensive guidance on how JEA is used to control administrative privileges and are aligned with the objectives and documents of the EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) program.
Question #27
John has successfully remediated the vulnerability of an internal application that could have caused a threat to the network. He is scanning the application for the existence of a remediated vulnerability, this process is called a________and it has to adhere to the_________
- A . Verification, Security Policies
- B . Mitigation, Security policies
- C . Vulnerability scanning, Risk Analysis
- D . Risk analysis, Risk matrix
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
The process of scanning an application for the existence of a remediated vulnerability is known as verification. This step is crucial to ensure that the vulnerability has been properly addressed and that the application is no longer susceptible to the previously identified threat. Verification must adhere to the organization’s security policies, which provide the framework and guidelines for all security-related activities. These policies ensure that the verification process is conducted in a manner that is consistent with the organization’s overall security posture and compliance requirements.
Reference: The Certified Network Defender (CND) program emphasizes the importance of adhering to security policies during all stages of network defense, including the verification of remediated vulnerabilities. This ensures that the network remains secure and that all defense measures are in line with the established security protocols123.
A
Explanation:
The process of scanning an application for the existence of a remediated vulnerability is known as verification. This step is crucial to ensure that the vulnerability has been properly addressed and that the application is no longer susceptible to the previously identified threat. Verification must adhere to the organization’s security policies, which provide the framework and guidelines for all security-related activities. These policies ensure that the verification process is conducted in a manner that is consistent with the organization’s overall security posture and compliance requirements.
Reference: The Certified Network Defender (CND) program emphasizes the importance of adhering to security policies during all stages of network defense, including the verification of remediated vulnerabilities. This ensures that the network remains secure and that all defense measures are in line with the established security protocols123.
Question #28
Michelle is a network security administrator working in an MNC company. She wants to set a resource limit for CPU in a container.
Which command-line allows Michelle to limit a container to 2 CPUs?
- A . –cpu=“2”
- B . $cpu=“2”
- C . –cpus=“2”
- D . $cpus=“2”
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
In the context of containerization, setting resource limits is crucial for ensuring that applications do not consume more than their fair share of system resources. Michelle can limit a container to use only 2 CPUs by using the –cpus flag when running a container. This flag allows the user to specify the amount of CPU the container is limited to use. For example, –cpus="2" would restrict the container to using no more than two CPU cores.
Reference: This information is based on standard practices for managing Docker containers and their resources. The –cpus flag is a well-documented feature in Docker’s command-line interface for controlling CPU usage1.
C
Explanation:
In the context of containerization, setting resource limits is crucial for ensuring that applications do not consume more than their fair share of system resources. Michelle can limit a container to use only 2 CPUs by using the –cpus flag when running a container. This flag allows the user to specify the amount of CPU the container is limited to use. For example, –cpus="2" would restrict the container to using no more than two CPU cores.
Reference: This information is based on standard practices for managing Docker containers and their resources. The –cpus flag is a well-documented feature in Docker’s command-line interface for controlling CPU usage1.
Question #29
Kelly is taking backups of the organization’s data. Currently, he is taking backups of only those files which are created or modified after the last
backup.
What type of backup is Kelly using?
- A . Full backup
- B . Incremental backup
- C . Differential Backup
- D . Normal Backup
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
An incremental backup is a type of data backup that copies only the files that have been created or modified since the last backup operation of any type. This method is efficient because it only backs up data that has changed, which can save on storage space and reduce the time needed to complete the backup. In Kelly’s case, since he is backing up only the new or changed files since the last backup, he is using an incremental backup approach.
Reference: The explanation aligns with the standard backup methodologies where an incremental backup captures only the changes made since the last backup, which can be either a full or another incremental backup1234.
B
Explanation:
An incremental backup is a type of data backup that copies only the files that have been created or modified since the last backup operation of any type. This method is efficient because it only backs up data that has changed, which can save on storage space and reduce the time needed to complete the backup. In Kelly’s case, since he is backing up only the new or changed files since the last backup, he is using an incremental backup approach.
Reference: The explanation aligns with the standard backup methodologies where an incremental backup captures only the changes made since the last backup, which can be either a full or another incremental backup1234.
Question #30
Identify the spread spectrum technique that multiplies the original data signal with a pseudo random noise spreading code.
- A . FHSS
- B . DSSS
- C . OFDM
- D . ISM
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
The spread spectrum technique that involves multiplying the original data signal with a pseudo-random noise spreading code is known as Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). In DSSS, the data signal is combined with a higher data-rate bit sequence, also known as a chipping code, which divides the data according to a spreading ratio. The chipping code is a pseudo-random code sequence that spreads the signal across a wider bandwidth. This process allows the signal to be more resistant to interference and eavesdropping.
Reference: The information is consistent with the principles of spread spectrum techniques as outlined in various educational resources on the subject, including academic publications and industry standards related to network security and wireless communications12.
B
Explanation:
The spread spectrum technique that involves multiplying the original data signal with a pseudo-random noise spreading code is known as Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). In DSSS, the data signal is combined with a higher data-rate bit sequence, also known as a chipping code, which divides the data according to a spreading ratio. The chipping code is a pseudo-random code sequence that spreads the signal across a wider bandwidth. This process allows the signal to be more resistant to interference and eavesdropping.
Reference: The information is consistent with the principles of spread spectrum techniques as outlined in various educational resources on the subject, including academic publications and industry standards related to network security and wireless communications12.